Repeat the heat how does it work

Increase blood flow, helping to optimize recovery from injuries and strains. View all. How long does the heat last? Does it lose heat? All Repeat the Heat click and heat packs will maintain appropriate heat for therapeutic or doctor recommended timing, usually minutes per use Can I re-use my palm nrg heat packs?

Palm NRG heat pads. For over 80 years, Carolina has provided superior non-mammal specimens that engage students in hands-on dissecting experiments. K—8 inquiry-based, hands-on science curriculum that paves the way to deep understanding of phenomena through 3-dimensional learning. Moving to NGSS? Teaching NGSS is more than checking off standards. Thank you for your continued use of the STC Program.

Keep your classroom alive with activities, information, and help in biology, biotechnology, botany, genetics, and more. Make your classroom electrifying with activities and information spanning chemistry and physics content. Everything from equilibrium to electricity and reactions to rocketry at your fingertips. Mine activities, information, and helpful hints for ESS. Trendy 3-D special effects on movie screens grab and keep your students' attention. Now use their fascination with mutli-dimensions to discuss visual perception, optics, and colors while studying the solar system.

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This brief guide will provide you with the information you need to make a number of solutions commonly used in educational laboratories. In this activity, students engage in a game of beanbag toss—but instead of merely keeping score, they explore statistical concepts such as mean, median, mode, and range.

This author provides an excellent student lab-report format, explains how it adapts to different science disciplines, and suggests simple labs to familiarize students with it. Keep your classroom or lab safe throughout the schoolyear with lots of helpful tips, hints, and safety techniques. You have questions-we have answers. Get general information, care guides, and product information here.

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Feeling the pinch from the current economy? Carolina understands. Crystal Risko Product Developer. A discussion of chemical hot and cold packs can really warm up a classroom lesson on thermochemistry. In the following activity, students use a coffee cup calorimeter to measure the heat of solution of a chemical salt using 3 different masses.

If chemicals are limited, consider having half the students work with 1 chemical and half with the other. After students have measured the heat of solution for the 3 masses, they graph their data change in temperature vs. The best fit line can be used to determine what mass of chemical is needed to achieve a specific temperature. Ensure that you review student designs before allowing them to perform the activity and that students understand and follow appropriate safety protocols.

Calorimetry is the science of measuring heat. Many chemical and physical transformations involve energy transfer in the form of heat. The magnitude and direction of heat may be determined using a calorimeter. In reactions that occur in aqueous solutions, the energy is transferred to or taken away from the water. A calorimeter is an apparatus that is insulated and prevents heat from flowing in or out of the system. Since the experiment is run under constant pressure atmospheric , the change in water temperature that is measured is due to the enthalpy of reaction heat of reaction.

The heat of reaction may be calculated using the values measured for change in the water temperature. The specific heat capacity of water is 4. In experiments conducted in aqueous solution, the specific heat capacity of water is generally used. Many instant hot and cold packs function by dissolving a salt into water. As the salt disassociates, heat is either released in an exothermic reaction or absorbed in an endothermic reaction. Commercial instant cold packs typically use either ammonium nitrate or urea as their salt component; hot packs often use magnesium sulfate or calcium chloride.

These reactions happen in a similar manner. When the salt is dissolved in water, the ionic bonds of the salt separate. This process requires energy, which is obtained from the surroundings. The ions then form bonds with the water, a process that releases energy.

If more energy is released than taken in, then the process is exothermic, making the solution feel warmer. If more energy is taken in than released, then the process is endothermic, making the solution feel cooler. Commercially, there are 2 other commonly sold types of instant hot packs. One heats up when exposed to air. This hot pack functions as iron reacts with oxygen to form iron III oxide, an exothermic reaction. The other type relies on the super cooling of sodium acetate.

Upon heating the solution, it can become supersaturated. The ability to create heat for a long period of time is accomplished due to the liquid NOT crystallizing at the same time.

Molecules that were not required to heat the pack to its maximum temperature will remain liquid and crystallize as required, thus maintaining the maximum temperature. How long does the heat last? Does it lose heat? Three days later we quantified bacterial growth. Conversely, Col-0 plants exhibited a decrease in bacterial growth and did not show disease symptoms when pre-treated with avrRps4. These results indicate that ILA is required for systemic resistance induced by avrRps4.

B Symptom development in Col-0 and ila-3 plants in mock and avrRps4 pre-treated leaves. Loss-of-function ila alleles display increased susceptibility to the virulent bacterial pathogen P. Importantly, the ila-1 and ila-2 mutants displayed enhanced susceptibility to P.

Furthermore, ila mutants display aberrant leaf shape, are male sterile and exhibit a deficiency in Chl leading to a characteristic yellow leaf phenotype.

Overall, our results show that ILA defines a locus that is required for multiple biological processes in plants, including leaf development, pollen fertility, Chl biosynthesis and bacterial defense signaling. Moreover, the phylogenetic relationship between yeast GCN1 and Arabidopsis ILA is fairly divergent overall, suggesting that these proteins may have evolved different functions.

Moreover, while the MAC mutants mos4 , Atcdc5 and mac3a mac3b suppress snc1 autoimmunity Palma et al. Although ila mutants display enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infection, the precise function of ILA in immunity is unclear.

The pleiotropic defects we observed in these mutants indicate a broad requirement for ILA in plant biology. Thus, we cannot rule out the possibility that the enhanced susceptibility we observe is a side effect of abnormal plants. Enhanced growth of the non-adapted pathogen P. However, our analysis of the weaker ila-3 allele indicates specificity for ILA in plant immunity.

This allele displays relatively minor morphological defects compared with the ila-1 and ila-2 alleles and does not support higher growth of P.

Still, ila-3 displays enhanced susceptibility to P. This differentiation has been observed for other defense components as well, for example in mos and mac3a mac3b mutants Cheng et al. The constitutive defense responses active in the snc1 mutant including high endogenous SA overpower the ILA lesion and confer resistance to P.

We also found that ila-3 mutants accumulate SA to almost normal levels and are able to systemically express PR-1 not shown following infection with P. Although SA is necessary and sufficient to induce plant defense, there are also SA-independent factors that are required for the full expression of plant immunity.

Furthermore, our laboratory has previously shown the involvement of the MAC in SA-independent defense. Similarly, loss of the flavin-dependent mono-oxygenase FMO1 results in enhanced pathogen susceptibility but does not affect SA accumulation after infection Bartsch et al.

Lastly, as in ila-3 , the Arabidopsis detached9 dth9 mutant is defective in SAR but retains expression of PR-1 in systemic leaves and accumulates normal levels of SA in response to pathogen infection Mayda et al.

A key piece of data that may help us understand the molecular function of ILA in Arabidopsis is its subcellular localization. The phenotype of ila mutants and the availability of organelle proteomics datasets suggest that ILA probably localizes to the chloroplast. Although ILA does not contain a standard chloroplast targeting peptide cTP , as predicted by the localization software ChloroP version 1. However, ILA has not been identified in chloroplasts in three other proteomics studies Kleffmann et al.

Furthermore, the chlorotic phenotype of ila mutants suggests that ILA is required for chloroplast biology in some, currently unknown, way. Analysis of the cue mutants revealed a correlation between reduced leaf greening and a delay in chloroplast development Lopez-Juez et al.

This suggests that the low levels of Chl observed in ila mutants may be associated with poorly developed chloroplasts; however, this has yet to be demonstrated. Further characterization of ILA is needed to understand the molecular function of this protein in chloroplast biology and its connection to plant immunity. In other experiments, seedlings were grown on Murashige and Skoog MS medium supplemented with 0. The snc1 mutant has previously been described Li et al.

Bacterial and oomycete infections were performed as described in Li et al. Briefly, bacterial pathogens were inoculated on the abaxial leaf surfaces of 4-week-old plants using a needle-less syringe. Leaf discs with an area of 0. For allelism, ila-3 homozygous males were crossed with ila-1 or ila-2 females and the F 1 was examined for complementation.

To generate the snc1 ila-3 double mutant, homozygous snc1 plants were crossed with homozygous ila-3 plants. These primers do not distinguish LHCB1. We thank Dr. William Iles UBC, Vancouver is gratefully acknowledged for his assistance with phylogenetic analysis. We also extend thanks to two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions. Google Scholar. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.

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Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents Abstract. Materials and Methods. Jacqueline Monaghan , Jacqueline Monaghan. Oxford Academic. Select Format Select format.